Most of the studies are case series and further investigations are required to prove the efficacy of this treatment modality.
Botulinum toxin (BTX) injection is considered a potential treatment for TMD due to its pain-relieving properties and its ability to reduce muscle activity. The most common symptoms of TMD are joint pain, joint sound and limitation of jaw function. Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is the main cause of non-dental pain in orofacial area. (4) Conclusions: although the literature still shows contradictory opinions, a relationship between temporomandibular disorders and cervical posture has been shown in the presented case as well as in the literature review. (3) Results: the following thirteen publications are included in this review: two prospective studies and eleven cross-sectional studies for evaluating disk position, eight included publications used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whilst six studies used lateral cephalogram to determine craniofacial morphology and relationships between the cranial base, vertical skeletal pattern, maxilla and mandible. (2) Methods: A structured electronic search was conducted between March 2022 and April 2022, without time limits, following PRISMA guidelines, in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane the terms "disc displacement", "disk displacement", "temporomandibular joint", "class II malocclusion" and "cervical vertebrae" are searched. (1) Background: This study aimed to perform a literature review related to disk displacement (DD) in class II malocclusion or cervical vertebrae position alterations and to report a hypodivergent case with cervical pain and right anterolateral DD with reduction, left anterolateral DD with reduction, and left joint effusion. In the case of severe acute pain or chronic pain resulting from serious disorders, inflammation and/or degeneration pharmacotherapy, minimally invasive and invasive procedures should be considered.
The authors concluded that conservative treatment including counselling, exercises, occlusal splint therapy, massage, manual therapy and others should be considered as a first choice therapy for TMD pain because of their low risk of side effects. In the most severe cases of the temporomandibular joint degeneration, surgical restoration of the joint is sometimes applied. In addition to massage, other popular methods include manual therapy and taping, warming/cooling of aching joints, and light and laser therapy. The most commonly reported conservative treatments are massage therapy and individually fabricated occlusal splints. In line with these criteria, among 11467 results the writers have included 66 papers.
After that the full texts of potentially suitable articles were assessed. A first selection was carried out by reviewing titles and abstracts of all articles found according to the criteria. Authors have excluded articles without outstanding practical aspect and evidence-based background. Original articles and review papers which presented the clinical relevance and practical validity regarding the possibility of application in TMD management have been included.
The following search keywords were selected using MeSH terms of the National Library of Medicine in combination: TMD pain, TMD, TMJ, TMJ disorders, occlusal splint, TMD physiotherapy, TMJ rheumatoid disorders and TMJ surgery. The aim of the article is to present the concepts of TMD pain clinical management.Ī survey was performed using the PubMed, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases for documents published between 19.
Pain related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a common problem in modern societies.